Potential vision testing can contribute to the decision as to whether surgical intervention is appropriate. It can also be used in the decision as to which eye should be operated on a patient with bilateral cataract and to provide valuable prognostic information to the patient about the likely outcome of surgery.

Phacoemulsification systems possess two major integrated units: fluidic systems consisting of irrigation, aspiration, and cooling; and an ultrasonic system to fragment the lens. Additional components of phacoemulsification systems may include cautery and vitrectomy units. The fluidic system involves the active flow of fluids into and from the anterior chamber of the eye. During phacoemulsification some limited intraocular pressure is produced to maintain the eye at its normal size; this is particularly important in animals in which the low scleral rigidity collapses the anterior segment once aqueous humor is removed. The delivery and egress of balanced salt solution or lactated Ringer's solution is controlled by the ophthalmic surgeon via a foot control which can maintain a balance of irrigation and aspiration to provide sufficient inflation of the anterior segment, facilitate removal of lens fragments, and cool the ultrasonic components.

Photocoagulator laser is a laser combined with an ophthalmoscope for directing bursts of coherent light through a human eye to burn selected points on a detached retina; subsequent healing of the burns causes scars that weld the retina back into position.

Punctum plug consists of a distal tip, a proximal cap and a body connecting the tip to the cap. The cap has a proximal surface, which remains exposed in the eye upon implantation of the punctum plug. A passage for an insertion tool extends distally in the punctum plug from an opening along the proximal surface. One recess in the proximal surface collect tear fluid by surface tension, and each recess is laterally offset in its entirety from the opening and does not overlap or align with the opening. The number of recesses is indicative of the size of the punctum plug.

Phosphorous is a mineral that makes up 1% of the total body weight. It is present in every cell of the body, but 85% of the body's phosphorus is found in the bones and teeth. The main function of phosphorus is in the formation of bones and teeth. It plays an important role in the body's utilization of carbohydrates and fats and in the synthesis of protein for the growth, maintenance, and repair of cells and tissues. It is also crucial for the production of ATP, a molecule the body uses to store energy.

A penfield dissector is used to carefully identify the superior and inferior borders of the costotransverse lamella, and a 1-mm Kerrison rongeur is used under magnification to carefully unfoor the vertebral foramen, removing piecemeal the costotransverse lamellae. This is done meticulously, taking time to protect the vertebral artery and to maintain hemostasis.

The majority of plate readers are based on single point detection using photo-multiplier tubes. Typically the plate moves under the detector, with the latter located in a fixed position. Most readers use a white light source such as a tungsten lamp or more commonly a xenon flash lamp. Some plate readers use light-emitting diodes to provide a cheap source of intense light at a specific wavelength. It generally offers higher sensitivity, a wider dynamic range and lower cost relative to plate imagers.

Proteinomics refers to the study of proteins expressed by genes and understanding the role of every human protein. By manipulation of these proteins the course of the disease process can be altered and potentially the expression of disease can be eliminated altogether.

Platelet aggregation systems are used for the clinical diagnosis of platelet disorders and monitoring the effects of drugs on platelet function. It is also used to study heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), leukocyte and neutrophil aggregation, and for the measurement of superoxides and free radicals.

Pneumatic neurosurgical drill systems are designed for a variety of surgical disciplines including otolaryngology, neuro, skullbase, craniofacial, spine and maxillofacial.

Perfusion monitor run continuously and displays perfusion data from the previous 1-10 days. In the automatic (autopilot) mode, the monitor periodically performs in situ calibration according to a pre-determined set of rules. The rules may be changed for particular situations. Absolute tissue perfusion, as well as tissue temperature, is displayed graphically as a function of time throughout the measurement sequence. Data files may also be reviewed, and the monitor screens can be printed onsite using the built-in printer.

Pacemaker generator is often called the pacemaker battery. In reality, a generator contains not only the battery but also all the important wiring and circuitry that makes the pacemaker work properly. Modern pacemakers generators are like miniature computers. It sends out very small sparks of electricity to make the heart beat but these sparks must be delivered to the heart muscle. To do this, pacemaker leads are inserted through the veins and the tips of the leads are attached to the heart. The other end is then hooked into the generator so that the electrical sparks can be sent down the pacemaker lead and cause the heart to beat.

Progesterone is a female hormone and the principal progestational hormone that is made mainly by the corpus luteum in the ovary and by the placenta. It stimulates and regulates various functions. It plays a role in maintaining pregnancy. It helps to prepare human body for conception and pregnancy and regulates the monthly menstrual cycle. It also plays a role in sexual desire.

Prolactin kit is a direct solid phase enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative measurement of prolactin in human serum. Prolactin hormone is secreted from the lactotrophs of the anterior pituitary. It is a protein consisting of a single polypeptide chain containing approximately 200 amino acids. The primary biological action of the hormone is on the mammary gland where it is involved in the growth of the gland and in the induction and maintenance of milk production.

pH monitoring system is used to measure pH level. This system involves a pH capsule, about the size of a gel cap that is temporarily attached to the wall of the esophagus. The pH capsule measures pH levels in the esophagus and transmits readings via radio telemetry to receiver worn on the patient's belt or waistband.

Photocoagulator system is a surgical instrument containing a laser for use in photocoagulation. It is ideal for guiding a semiconductor laser beam to an eye to be treated for a photocoagulation operation. It comprises a main device for incorporating first semiconductor laser light sources, an auxiliary device for incorporating second semiconductor laser light sources, an optical fiber for guiding to the auxiliary device output beams from the first semiconductor laser light sources incorporated in the main device.